Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates
نویسندگان
چکیده
Lead poisoning has been recognized as a major public health risk, particularly in developing countries. Though various occupational and public health measures have been undertaken in order to control lead exposure, cases of lead poisoning are still reported. Exposure to lead produces various deleterious effects on the hematopoietic, renal, reproductive and central nervous system, mainly through increased oxidative stress. These alterations play a prominent role in disease manifestations. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been used as a therapeutic strategy against lead poisoning. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin and a few herbal extracts show prophylaxis against the majority of lead mediated injury in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides a comprehensive account of recent updates describing health effects of lead exposure, relevant biomarkers and mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. It also updates the readers about recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies, like nanoencapsulation, to treat lead induced toxic manifestations.
منابع مشابه
Lead toxicity: a review
Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Though in countries like US and Canada the use of lead has been controlled up to a certain extent, it is still used vehemently in the developing countries. This is primarily because lead bears unique physical...
متن کاملA Review of Toxicity of Some Conventional Nanomaterials
Increased production and use of nanomaterials has led to an ever growing exposure of living organisms tothese substances. Limited knowledge about possible toxicity of nanomaterials and their potential to harmliving creatures is becoming a serious concern. To address this problem, there is a need for development ofdiagnostic methods enabling effective determination of potential toxicity of nanom...
متن کاملALUMINUM TOXICITY: A REVIEW IN RELATION TO CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS M AINTAINED ON REGULAR HEMODIALYSIS
Aluminum is present in very small amounts in living organisms but abundant in the environment. A growing literature links with the biochemistry of aluminum and also with a series of diseases in chronic renal failure patients on treatment with hemodialysis. The initial description of potential aluminum toxicity in renal failure patients relates to description of dialysis encephalopathy syndr...
متن کاملP-43: Reproductive Toxicity of Low Metal Exposureon Male
Background: Recent evidence has indicated a deterioration in reproductive health of men in many countries over the past few decades, particularly a decrease in semen quality and an increase in prevalence of prostate cancer. The human male has a relatively low fertility potential as compared to other mammals. Thus, the human male may be at greater risk from reproductive toxicants. For example, t...
متن کاملA Review of Toxicity of Some Conventional Nanomaterials
Increased production and use of nanomaterials has led to an ever growing exposure of livingorganisms to these substances. Limited knowledge about possible toxicity of nanomaterialsand their potential to harm living creatures is becoming a serious concern. To address thisproblem, there is a need for development of diagnostic methods enabling effective determinationof potential toxicity of nanoma...
متن کامل